Evidence-Based Stem Cell Therapy Treatments

Backed by 25 Years of Science and Research

What are stem cells?

Inside the human body are hundreds of different types of cells that fulfill specific tasks and are responsible for maintaining its everyday function. Among these are stem cells, responsible for tissue repair and regeneration (also known as tissue remodeling) to maintain a healthy body.

Stem cells can self-renew by dividing to generate more stem cells of the same type. They can also differentiate into specialized cell types. Scientific evidence shows mesenchymal stem cells are safe and effective for treating a wide range of diseases and conditions.

Scientific and Clinical Studies

At BioXcellerator, we use Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) for our therapies.

Stem cells are adult/somatic cells that can be obtained from many different sources, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cords, and the placenta.

We use umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells, specifically from the Wharton’s jelly tissue (WJ-MSCs), as they are known to be among the most effective and have:

Exhibit exceptional regenerative properties
Highly effective anti-inflammatory properties—reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increasing levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and secreting exosomes.
Growth factors that the body can use to stimulate tissue repair and regeneration of muscles, tendons, ligaments, discs, cartilage, and other areas.

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Allogeneic Therapies

These are allogeneic therapies, which means that our patients do not need to undergo extra invasive procedures for stem cell therapy. Our WJ-MSCs are sourced from donated umbilical cords. Umbilical cords are examined and analyzed in a clinical laboratory to ensure they are infection-free and are then processed in our cell bank to isolate and purify only mesenchymal stem cells.

Our lab complies with widely accepted international standards, and our protocols have been designed based on extensive research into selecting, testing, refining, and purifying cells before they are cultured and expanded into infusions with the highest potential to stimulate healing—our Signature Cells.

Screening

Although donors are screened for health issues, the cells extracted from umbilical cords are then tested for specific proteins and genes that research has identified offer high potential for effective treatment.

Purification

Cells that pass screening tests are purified and expanded so that therapy can be prepared that contains millions of high-potency cells that the body can use to promote healing, modulate the immune system, and reduce inflammation.

Ongoing Testing

Cells are tested as they are expanded and “passaged” into larger containers. Once expansion is complete, cells are tested again to verify that they meet various markers and criteria for purity and potency.

Cryo-Preservation

After cells have been expanded and tested, they are frozen in our cell bank. When reactivated, they are tested once more to ensure quality and viability.

What are the benefits of Wharton’s jelly umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells?

The use of WJ-MSCs has significant advantages over bone marrow or adipose-derived MSCs, such as:

Expression of typical mesenchymal markers and modest pluripotency genes, which may confer better efficacy with greater safety.
In addition to the advantages of obtaining and expanding cells, WJ-MSCs have shown benefits in their immunomodulatory profile, showing that they have greater activity on lymphocytes through regulating the different cell populations.
Due to the absence of certain surface proteins, the patient's immune system does not consider these cells as foreign, which reduces the likelihood of adverse reactions or graft vs. host disease.

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Three mechanisms of how these cells can work are:

What are hypoxia-conditioned mesenchymal stem cells?

Preconditioning strategies to enhance the therapeutic function of MSCs in vitro include exposure to hypoxia, growth factors/cytokines, or conditioned medium.

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to be promising cell sources for therapeutic stem cell therapy due to their capability of tissue regeneration and immunomodulation. MSCs also exert extensive paracrine effects through release of trophic factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes.

Hypoxia, or exposure to a low-oxygen environment, is a preconditioning protocol to improve the therapeutic potential of MSCs. Preconditioning strategies to improve the therapeutic function of MSCs in vitro include exposure to hypoxia, growth factors/cytokines, or conditioned medium.

Recent studies reported that MSCs cultured in a hypoxic environment may enhance the anti-inflammatory and migratory capacity of MSCs, improve angiogenic potency (new blood vessel formation), increase cell survival and proliferation, and reduce overall cell aging for improved protection and regeneration.

The enhanced therapeutic effects of hypoxia-cultured MSCs have been validated in many clinical studies. Hypoxia-preconditioned MSCs have been successfully used to regenerate various musculoskeletal tissues, including cartilage, bone, and tendon, after injury and halt the progression of diseases.

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What are MSC exosomes?

A type of molecules secreted by MSCs, exosomes release anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and proteins to control inflammation and repair damaged cells.

Recent research on how stem cell therapy works gives scientists new insights that may help improve patient outcomes. Some studies demonstrate that adding exosomes to treatment protocols offers high therapeutic potential for some degenerative and age-related conditions, including chronic joint disease and skin aging.

Exosomes are naturally occurring extracellular vesicles in all types of cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). They act as signaling agents, influencing other cells in the body by releasing:

Research demonstrates that not only does adding exosomes help enhance the repair of damage, but they also act quickly. This is why some patients receiving exosomes report more immediate relief of symptoms, and then continued improvement until they experience the full benefits of the MSCs they receive.

Exosomes are applied in the same manner and time as MSCs, so there are no additional procedures or injections required. At BioXcellerator, we isolate exosomes as we culture MSCs from umbilical cord tissue, and concentrate them at our on-site lab to provide the highest possible potency.

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At BioXcellerator, we offer advanced protocols using both hypoxic and normoxic MSCs in our treatment protocols.

In both cases, we use Wharton’s jelly umbilical-cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSC). Research shows both the hypoxic and normoxic cells demonstrate exceptional anti-inflammatory properties, immune modulating capacity, and promote tissue repair and regeneration.

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Precision Stem Cell Applications

Our Protocols to Precisely Target Treatment Areas

MSC therapy has been studied worldwide for more than 50 years. Research demonstrates the safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell treatments and their regenerative and anti-inflammatory capacity in pathologies such as:

Arthritis and orthopedic injuries
Neurologic diseases and disorders
Dermatologic conditions
Gastrointestinal disorders
Urologic disorders
Rheumatologic and autoimmune conditions

Most patient protocols include at least one intravenous (IV) WJ-MSC infusion. For this simple procedure, cells are infused intravenously to allow them to circulate throughout the body.

Other treatment protocols include direct injection at specific treatment sites. When appropriate, our physicians use advanced imaging technology such as X-ray fluoroscopy and diagnostic ultrasound to guide cells to these sites precisely. Depending on the condition being treated, these injections can include:

Intralesional: Injection of cells directly into soft tissues.
Intraarticular: Injection of cells directly into a joint, commonly used to treat arthritis or orthopedic injuries (does not require sedation).
Intradiscal: Injection of cells into discs and facets of the spine (requires sedation).
Intrathecal: Injection of cells directly into the spinal canal, usually requiring local anesthesia.

Intradermal: Injection of cells directly into the dermal layer of the skin.
Intracavernous: Application directly into the cavernous bodies of the penis.
Intratesticular
Intraovarian
Intrauterine
Intraprostatic
Intracystic/bladder

Research and Innovation

BioXscience, a subsidiary of BioXcellerator, is responsible for planning and executing our research and innovation activities aimed at identifying specific knowledge gaps in the field of regenerative medicine.

Our Methodology

The BioXscience team develops and publishes meta-analyses and systematic reviews to combine peer-reviewed literature, case studies, and observational data in the creation of best practice, patient-specific protocols that include MSC therapy with complementary therapies. Together, optimal patient outcomes are achieved with improvements in pain, function, and quality of life.

Our Evidence-Based Care Protocols

Our commitment to patient health is underscored by the rigorous integration of scientific evidence into our treatment protocols. We ensure that our treatment strategies meet the highest standards of scientific scrutiny based on global scientific evidence.

Our approach to healthcare is distinguished by evidence-based care protocols meticulously designed to address various medical conditions.

Dermatological conditions
Orthopedic/musculoskeletal disorders
Degenerative disc and spine disorders
Neurological disorders
Rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases
and other medical conditions

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Our Outcomes

Our research results in the most innovative treatments and optimal patient outcomes in regenerative medicine:

Development of the highest potency Wharton’s jelly umbilical cord MSCs
The use of highly concentrated exosomes to complement MSC therapy
Internationally recognized research publications and presentations
97% patient satisfaction after post-treatment survey
Published patient-reported outcomes

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Scientific Production

References

Dermatological Conditions

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Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders

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Neurological Disorders

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Pang, X., Yang, H. & Peng, B. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain. Pain Physician 17, E525-30 (2014).
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Henriksson, H. B. et al. The Traceability of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells After Injection Into Degenerated Discs in Patients with Low Back Pain. Stem Cells Dev. 28, 1203–1211 (2019).
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Kim, H. J. et al. Stereotactic brain injection of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells in patients with Alzheimer’s disease dementia: A phase 1 clinical trial. Alzheimer’s Dement. Transl. Res. Clin. Interv. 1, 95–102 (2015).
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Brody, M. et al. Results and insights from a phase I clinical trial of Lomecel‐B for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 19, 261–273 (2023).
Hlebokazov, F. et al. Treatment of refractory epilepsy patients with autologous mesenchymal stem cells reduces seizure frequency: An open label study. Adv. Med. Sci. 62, 273–279 (2017).
Hlebokazov, F. et al. Clinical benefits of single vs repeated courses of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in epilepsy patients. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 207, 106736 (2021).
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Berard, J. A. et al. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy and cognition in MS: Preliminary findings from a phase II clinical trial. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 61, 103779 (2022).
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Uccelli, A. et al. Safety, tolerability, and activity of mesenchymal stem cells versus placebo in multiple sclerosis (MESEMS): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind crossover trial. Lancet Neurol. 20, 917–929 (2021).
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Li, J.-F. et al. The Potential of Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Novel Cellular Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis. Cell Transplant. 23, 113–122 (2014).
Llufriu, S. et al. Randomized Placebo-Controlled Phase II Trial of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. PLoS One 9, e113936 (2014).
Lublin, F. D. et al. Human placenta-derived cells (PDA-001) for the treatment of adults with multiple sclerosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 3, 696–704 (2014).
Meng, M. et al. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Am. J. Transl. Res. 10, 212–223 (2018).
Petrou, P. et al. Beneficial effects of autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in active progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 143, 3574–3588 (2020).
Petrou, P. et al. Long-Term Clinical and Immunological Effects of Repeated Mesenchymal Stem Cell Injections in Patients With Progressive Forms of Multiple Sclerosis. Front. Neurol. 12, 1–13 (2021).
Lu, Z. et al. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy on Neuromyelitis Optica. Curr. Neurovasc. Res. 9, 250–255 (2012).
Yao, X.-Y. et al. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (hUC–MSC–NMOSD): A Study Protocol for a Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Front. Neurol. 13, 1–10 (2022).
Vaquero, J. et al. Repeated subarachnoid administrations of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells supported in autologous plasma improve quality of life in patients suffering incomplete spinal cord injury. Cytotherapy 19, 349–359 (2017).
Vaquero, J. et al. Intrathecal administration of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells for spinal cord injury: Safety and efficacy of the 100/3 guideline. Cytotherapy 20, 806–819 (2018).
Vaquero, J. et al. Cell therapy with autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in post-traumatic syringomyelia. Cytotherapy 20, 796–805 (2018).
Gibbons, C. H. et al. Phase 2a randomized controlled study investigating the safety and efficacy of PDA‐002 in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 26, 276–289 (2021).
Abdelaziz, O. S., Marie, A., Abbas, M., Ibrahim, M. & Gabr, H. Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of directly transplanting autologous adult bone marrow stem cells in patients with chronic traumatic dorsal cord injury: A pilot clinical study. Neurosurg. Q. 20, 216–226 (2010).
Honmou, O. et al. Intravenous infusion of auto serum-expanded autologous mesenchymal stem cells in spinal cord injury patients: 13 case series. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 203, 106565 (2021).
Hur, J. W. et al. Intrathecal transplantation of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for treating spinal cord injury: A human trial. J. Spinal Cord Med. 39, 655–664 (2016).
Jeon, S. R. et al. Treatment of spinal cord injury with bone marrow-derived, cultured autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine vol. 7 316–322 (2010).
Jiang, P.-C. et al. A clinical trial report of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with spinal cord injury. Exp. Ther. Med. 6, 140–146 (2013).
Karamouzian, S., Nematollahi-Mahani, S. N., Nakhaee, N. & Eskandary, H. Clinical safety and primary efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation in subacute spinal cord injured patients. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 114, 935–939 (2012).
Kishk, N. A. et al. Case Control Series of Intrathecal Autologous Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 24, 702–708 (2010).
Liu, J. et al. Clinical analysis of the treatment of spinal cord injury with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Cytotherapy 15, 185–191 (2013).
Liu, S. et al. A Comparative Study of Different Stem Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg. 159, e232–e243 (2022).
Mendonça, M. V. P. et al. Safety and neurological assessments after autologous transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 5, 126 (2014).
Muthu, S., Jeyaraman, M., Gulati, A. & Arora, A. Current evidence on mesenchymal stem cell therapy for traumatic spinal cord injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytotherapy 23, 186–197 (2021).
Ahuja, C. S. et al. The leading edge: Emerging neuroprotective and neuroregenerative cell-based therapies for spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl. Med. 9, 1509–1530 (2020).
Oh, S. K. et al. A Phase III Clinical Trial Showing Limited Efficacy of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Neurosurgery 78, 436–447 (2016).
Pal, R. et al. Ex vivo-expanded autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in human spinal cord injury/paraplegia: a pilot clinical study. Cytotherapy 11, 897–911 (2009).
Park, H. C. et al. Treatment of Complete Spinal Cord Injury Patients by Autologous Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation and Administration of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor. Tissue Eng. 11, 913–922 (2005).
Park, J. H. et al. Long-term Results of Spinal Cord Injury Therapy Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived From Bone Marrow in Humans. Neurosurgery 70, 1238–1247 (2012).
Saini, R. et al. Efficacy and outcome of bone marrow derived stem cells transplanted via intramedullary route in acute complete spinal cord injury – A randomized placebo controlled trial. J. Clin. Neurosci. 100, 7–14 (2022).
Saito, F. et al. Administration of cultured autologous bone marrow stromal cells into cerebrospinal fluid in spinal injury patients: A pilot study. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 30, 127–136 (2012).
Satti, H. S. et al. Autologous mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: A Phase I pilot study. Cytotherapy 18, 518–522 (2016).
Shang, Z., Wang, M., Zhang, B., Wang, X. & Wanyan, P. Clinical translation of stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury still premature: results from a single-arm meta-analysis based on 62 clinical trials. BMC Med. 20, 284 (2022).
Silvestro, S., Bramanti, P., Trubiani, O. & Mazzon, E. Stem Cells Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Clinical Trials. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 659 (2020).
Song, H. et al. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation on Acute Spinal Cord Injury. J. Hard Tissue Biol. 29, 91–98 (2020).
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Tang, Q.-R. et al. Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of Stem Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cell Transplant. 30, 096368972110678 (2021).
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Vaquero, J. et al. Intrathecal administration of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells for spinal cord injury: Safety and efficacy of the 100/3 guideline. Cytotherapy 20, 806–819 (2018).
Vaquero, J. et al. An approach to personalized cell therapy in chronic complete paraplegia: The Puerta de Hierro phase I/II clinical trial. Cytotherapy 18, 1025–1036 (2016).
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Mou, C. et al. Efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells intraspinal transplantation for patients with different degrees of spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytotherapy 25, 530–536 (2023).
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Bansal, H. et al. Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury. J. Stem Cells 11, 51–61 (2016).
Bhanot, Y. et al. Autologous mesenchymal stem cells in chronic spinal cord injury. Br. J. Neurosurg. 25, 516–522 (2011).
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Dai, G. et al. Transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of complete and chronic cervical spinal cord injury. Brain Res. 1533, 73–79 (2013).
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Bang, O. Y., Lee, J. S., Lee, P. H. & Lee, G. Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in stroke patients. Ann. Neurol. 57, 874–882 (2005).
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Chen, L. et al. Multiple Cell Transplantation Based on an Intraparenchymal Approach for Patients with Chronic Phase Stroke. Cell Transplant. 22, 83–91 (2013).
Chung, J.-W. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Ischemic Stroke. Neurology 96, e1012–e1023 (2021).
Cui, L., Golubczyk, D., Tolppanen, A., Boltze, J. & Jolkkonen, J. Cell therapy for ischemic stroke: Are differences in preclinical and clinical study design responsible for the translational loss of efficacy? Ann. Neurol. 86, 5–16 (2019).
Detante, O., Moisan, A., Hommel, M. & Jaillard, A. Controlled clinical trials of cell therapy in stroke: Meta-analysis at six months after treatment. Int. J. Stroke 12, 748–751 (2017).
Fang, J. et al. Autologous Endothelial Progenitor Cells Transplantation for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A 4-Year Follow-Up Study. Stem Cells Transl. Med. 8, 14–21 (2019).
Wang, Z., Luo, Y., Chen, L. & Liang, W. Safety of neural stem cell transplantation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Exp. Ther. Med. 13, 3613–3618 (2017).
Cramer, S. et al. Interim Analysis of the STEMTRA Trial: Safety and Dose-Dependent Benefit in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 100, e22 (2019).
Imai, H. et al. The international cooperative Phase II trial of modified stem cells (SB623) transplantation therapy for traumatic brain injury – Participation in a double-blind, controlled study (NCT02416492). J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 39, 2–3 (2019).
Kawabori, M. et al. Cell Therapy for Chronic TBI. Neurology 96, e1202–e1214 (2021).
McCrea, M. A. et al. Determining minimally clinically important differences for outcome measures in patients with chronic motor deficits secondary to traumatic brain injury. Expert Rev. Neurother. 21, 1051–1058 (2021).
Elkheir W., A. Allogenic Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy for Type III Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Case Report. Am. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 3, 30 (2015).
Villanova, M. & Bach, J. R. Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Outcomes for Three Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 94, 410–415 (2015).
Mohseni, R. et al. An open-label phase 1 clinical trial of the allogeneic side population adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in SMA type 1 patients. Neurol. Sci. 43, 399–410 (2022).
Sharifzadeh, N. et al. Intrathecal autologous bone marrow stem cell therapy in children with autism: A randomized controlled trial. Asia. Pac. Psychiatry 13, e12445 (2021).
Sun, J. M. et al. Infusion of human umbilical cord tissue mesenchymal stromal cells in children with autism spectrum disorder. Stem Cells Transl. Med. 9, 1137–1146 (2020).
Lv, Y.-T. et al. Transplantation of human cord blood mononuclear cells and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in autism. J. Transl. Med. 11, 196 (2013).

Rheumatological Conditions

Wang, P. et al. Effects and safety of allogenic mesenchymal stem cell intravenous infusion in active ankylosing spondylitis patients who failed NSAIDs: a 20-week clinical trial. Cell Transplant. 23, 1293–1303 (2014).
Li, A. et al. Infusion of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviates symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis. Exp. Ther. Med. 14, 1538–1546 (2017).
Wang, L. et al. Clinical Observation of Employment of Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Therapy. Stem Cells Int. 2016, 1–7 (2016).
Swart, J. F. et al. Bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells infusion in therapy refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 58, 1812–1817 (2019).
Álvaro-Gracia, J. M. et al. Intravenous administration of expanded allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in refractory rheumatoid arthritis (Cx611): results of a multicentre, dose escalation, randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled phase Ib/IIa clinical trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 76, 196–202 (2017).
Yang, Y. et al. Serum IFN-γ levels predict the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in active rheumatoid arthritis. J. Transl. Med. 16, 165 (2018).
Wang, L. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Prospective Phase I/II Study. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. Volume 13, 4331–4340 (2019).
Ghoryani, M. et al. Amelioration of clinical symptoms of patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis following treatment with autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: A successful clinical trial in Iran. Biomed. Pharmacother. 109, 1834–1840 (2019).
Xu, X. et al. Combination of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem (stromal) cell transplantation with IFN-γ treatment synergistically improves the clinical outcomes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 79, 1298–1304 (2020).
Vij, R., Stebbings, K. A., Kim, H., Park, H. & Chang, D. Safety and efficacy of autologous, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase I/IIa, open-label, non-randomized pilot trial. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 13, 88 (2022).
Liang, J. et al. Allogenic mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot clinical study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 1423–1429 (2010).
Sun, L., Wang, D., Liang, J., Zhang, H., Feng, X., Wang, H. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in severe and refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 62, 2467–2475 (2010).
Wang, D. et al. Double allogenic mesenchymal stem cells transplantations could not enhance therapeutic effect compared with single transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2012, 273291 (2012).
Wang, D. et al. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in severe and refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: 4 years of experience. Cell Transplant. 22, 2267–2277 (2013).
Wang, D. et al. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in active and refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: a multicenter clinical study. Arthritis Res. Ther. 16, R79 (2014).
Yang, G.-X. et al. [Therapeutic effects of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on systemic lupus erythematosus]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban 45, 338-341,350 (2014).
Kamen, D. L. et al. Safety, immunological effects and clinical response in a phase I trial of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells in patients with treatment refractory SLE. Lupus Sci. Med. 9, (2022).

Other Medical Conditions

Al Demour, S. et al. Safety and Potential Therapeutic Effect of Two Intracavernous Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells injections in Diabetic Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: An Open Label Phase i Clinical Trial. Urol. Int. 101, 358–365 (2018).
Al Demour, S. et al. Safety and Efficacy of 2 Intracavernous Injections of Allogeneic Wharton’s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Diabetic Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial. Urol. Int. 105, 935–943 (2021).
Mirzaei, M. et al. The Effect of Intracavernosal Injection of Stem Cell in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Single-blinded Clinical Trial. Urol. J. 18, 675–681 (2021).
You, D. et al. Safety of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in erectile dysfunction: an open-label phase 1 clinical trial. Cytotherapy 23, 931–938 (2021).
Nguyen Thanh, L. et al. Can Autologous Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Improve Sexual Function in People with Sexual Functional Deficiency? Stem Cell Rev. Reports 17, 2153–2163 (2021).
Protogerou, V. et al. Re: The Combined Use of Stem Cells and Platelet Lysate Plasma for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: A Pilot Study – 6 Months Results. J. Urol. 204, 599–600 (2020).
Levy, J. A., Marchand, M., Iorio, L., Cassini, W. & Zahalsky, M. P. Determining the feasibility of managing erectile dysfunction in humans with placental-derived stem cells. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 116, e1–e5 (2016).
Tan, J. et al. Autologous menstrual blood-derived stromal cells transplantation for severe Asherman’s syndrome. Hum. Reprod. 31, 2723–2729 (2016).
Ding, L. et al. Transplantation of UC-MSCs on collagen scaffold activates follicles in dormant ovaries of POF patients with long history of infertility. Sci. China Life Sci. 61, 1554–1565 (2018).
Tersoglio, A. E. et al. Regenerative therapy by endometrial mesenchymal stem cells in thin endometrium with repeated implantation failure. A novel strategy. JBRA Assist. Reprod. 24, 118–127 (2019).
Zhang, Y. et al. Unresponsive thin endometrium caused by Asherman syndrome treated with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on collagen scaffolds: a pilot study. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 12, 420 (2021).
Chen, J., Huang, Q., Chen, W., Lin, S. & Shi, Q. Clinical Evaluation of Autologous and Allogeneic Stem Cell Therapy for Intrauterine Adhesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Immunol. 13, 1–11 (2022).
Cao, Y. et al. Allogeneic cell therapy using umbilical cord MSCs on collagen scaffolds for patients with recurrent uterine adhesion: A phase i clinical trial. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 9, 1–10 (2018).
Santamaria, X. et al. Autologous cell therapy with CD133+ bone marrow-derived stem cells for refractory Asherman’s syndrome and endometrial atrophy: A pilot cohort study. Hum. Reprod. 31, 1087–1096 (2016).
Nagori, C., Panchal, S. & Patel, H. Endometrial regeneration using autologous adult stem cells followed by conception by in vitro fertilization in a patient of severe Ashermans syndrome. J. Hum. Reprod. Sci. 4, 43–48 (2011).
Ma, H. et al. Intrauterine transplantation of autologous menstrual blood stem cells increases endometrial thickness and pregnancy potential in patients with refractory intrauterine adhesion. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 46, 2347–2355 (2020).
Kaczynski, J. B. & Rzepka, J. K. Endometrial regeneration in Asherman’s syndrome and endometrial atrophy using Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Ginekol. Pol. 93, 904–909 (2022).

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